Understanding Malaysian Religious

Malaysia, a melting pot of cultures and traditions, is home to a vibrant tapestry of religious beliefs. The term “Malaysian Religious” not only encapsulates the diverse practices found within the country but also reflects the harmonious coexistence of multiple faiths.

This blog post delves into the rich religious landscape of Malaysia, exploring its history, diversity, and the role religion plays in the everyday lives of its people.

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Table of Contents

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Overview of Malaysian Religious

Malaysia is a vibrant multicultural and multireligious society, home to a diverse population that includes Malays, Chinese, and Indians, each with their unique cultures, traditions, and languages.

Islam, being the state religion, is predominantly practiced by Malays, while the Chinese and Indian communities practice a variety of religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and Hinduism.

This rich tapestry of cultural and religious diversity shapes Malaysia’s social life, festivals, food, and art, making it a fascinating study of peaceful coexistence and cultural harmony.

State Religion and Constitution

Indeed, as per Article 3 of the Malaysian Constitution, Islam is recognized as the state religion of Malaysia.

This signifies the special position of Islam in the country and its influence on the legal and cultural aspects of Malaysian society. However, it’s important to note that this doesn’t equate to Malaysia being an Islamic state.

The constitution also guarantees freedom of religion for all citizens, allowing non-Malay citizens and others to practice their own religions freely.

This constitutional provision underscores Malaysia’s commitment to religious diversity and pluralism, contributing to its rich multicultural tapestry.

Malaysian Religious Distribution

Islam:

As per Article 3 of the Constitution, Islam is the state religion of Malaysia. It is practiced by approximately 63.5% of the population.

Most Muslims in Malaysia are Sunni and follow the Shafi’i school of thought and law. The practice of any other form of the religion (such as Shia Islam) is heavily restricted by the government.

Buddhism:

Buddhism is the second most practiced religion, with about 18.7% of the population identifying as Buddhists.

Malaysian Chinese practice various faiths: Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese traditional religions (including Taoism).

Christianity:

Christianity is practiced by about 9.0% of the population. It has established itself in some communities, especially in East Malaysia.

Hinduism:

Hinduism is followed by approximately 6.1% of the population. It is practiced by the majority of Malaysian Indians.

Others:

The remaining 2.7% of the population practices other religions or did not provide any information. This includes faiths such as Animism, Folk religion, Sikhism, Baháʼí Faith and other belief systems.

The states of Sarawak and Penang and the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur have non-Muslim majorities. Numbers of self-described atheists in Malaysia are few; Apostasy from Islam is a criminal offence punishable by a fine or prison term. The state has come under criticism from human rights organisations for the government’s discrimination against atheists.

Religion is also more publicly visible in Malaysia than it is in most English-speaking Western countries. There is a rich religious history visible in architecture, and it is not uncommon to find various places of worship all in close proximity to one another.

These statistics are based on the 2020 Population and Housing Census. For the most current data, please refer to the latest census or surveys.

Religious	Percentage
Islam	63.5%
Buddhism	18.7%
Christianity	9.0%
Hinduism	6.1%
Others	2.7%

Malaysian Religious Practices and Rituals

The religious practices and rituals of the different religious groups in Malaysia:

Islam:

The majority of Malays in Malaysia are Muslims and they strictly observe the four pillars of Islam: prayer (sembahyang), fasting (puasa), giving tithe and alms (zakat and fitrah), and pilgrimage to Mecca (naik haji ke Makkah).

They follow the Shafi’e school of thought. Daily prayers are performed five times, fasting is undertaken for thirty days a year during Ramadan, alms are given once a year, and the pilgrimage is carried out once in a lifetime.

The degree of observance depends on the understanding of religious teachings, perception of the merits of observance, and the depth of conviction.

Buddhism:

Buddhists in Malaysia, who are predominantly of Chinese descent, perform various rituals and practices. For instance, they show their devotion to Buddha and his teachings by bowing or prostrating before a Buddha statue.

They may also ask for a blessing from an enlightened monk during a ceremony. Buddhists believe in making merit, which is an accumulation of all good acts and thoughts.

This can be done through giving, which helps to overcome selfishness and prepare the mind for future enlightenment.

Christianity:

Christianity in Malaysia encompasses various denominations, including Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox.

Churches serve as places of worship, community engagement, and spiritual growth. Christians in Malaysia celebrate religious festivities such as Christmas and Easter.

Hinduism:

Hindu belief and rituals in Malaysia are astonishingly heterogeneous and involve a wide range of imported practices and traditions which have been subsequently mounded by a multitude of localized factors, including region, caste, ethnicity, and class.

The general term used to describe Hindu worship is puja, which can be performed at any time but is usually done with extra effort on Hindu Days of Observance.

Other Religions:

There are also smaller communities of Sikhs, Taoists, Confucians, and others who practice their respective religions.

The practices and rituals of these religions vary widely depending on the specific beliefs and traditions of each community.

Malaysian Religious Pluralism and State

Religious pluralism in Malaysia is a reflection of the country’s diverse ethnic and cultural heritage. It comprises major religions of the world such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Chinese Religion, Taoism, Sikhism, and others. This diversity has led to what social scientists refer to as “religious pluralism”.

Impact on Individual and Societal Identity

Religious pluralism has a significant impact on both individual and societal identity in Malaysia. It shapes the way individuals perceive themselves and their place within society. It also influences societal norms, values, and practices.

However, different interpretations of “religious pluralism” among scholars have resulted in misunderstandings of the concept, particularly among members of Muslim and Christian communities in the country.

The coexistence of various religious communities has fostered a sense of mutual respect and understanding, contributing to social harmony. However, it also presents challenges, as managing religious diversity and maintaining social harmony can be complex.

Some religious groups believe that “religious pluralism” is a mere term for religious plurality which has no implications on religious and philosophical perspectives.

Role of Islam in Malaysia’s Legal System

Islam plays a crucial role in Malaysia’s legal system. As the state religion, Islam is not only a belief system but also brings order to the political, economic, and social aspects of Malaysia.

Islamic law was used to adjudicate civil and criminal matters at first, but the coming of the colonists suppressed its usage and the Common Law was instead enforced.

Today, though Islamic law is ensured with exclusive jurisdiction and recognition, its institutions strive to stay pertinent. Coordinating the law at the federal level remains a challenge, especially that involving the inherent power of states over Islam and its law.

It is found that although Islam and its law are sourced from the supreme law in the country, it has to constantly overcome its challenges to remain relevant and significant.

Interfaith Relations

In Malaysia, a country known for its multicultural and multi-religious society, the relations between different religious groups are generally quite tolerant.

This tolerance is reflected in the peaceful coexistence of various Malaysian religious communities, including Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Chinese religions, Taoism, Sikhism, and others.

However, it’s important to note that members of different religious groups do tend to have more homogeneous personal relations, particularly based on ethnicity and religion.

This means that individuals often form closer relationships with those who share the same religious beliefs and ethnic background. This pattern is not unique to Malaysia and can be observed in many multicultural societies around the world.

Despite the general tolerance, there are challenges to practicing religious tolerance in Malaysia. These challenges emerge from a lack of a guidance module to practicing religious tolerance, especially one which states the limitations and rules in religious tolerance applicable in the Malaysian context.

There is also a lack of understanding of religious tolerance needed within adherents of religion, which can cause prejudices against the adherents of other religions.

Efforts have been made to promote religious understanding among the different groups. For instance, various groups have been set up to try to promote religious understanding among the different groups. These efforts aim to enhance religious tolerance as a vital element for sustaining good relations among the races.

Cultural Influence on Religion

The cultural origin of Malaysia’s different populations indeed plays a significant part in Malaysian religious practice:

• Malay Malaysians: The majority of Malay Malaysians are Muslims, and Islam is deeply woven into their cultural identity. This is reflected in their daily life, from dietary habits to social norms and laws.
• Chinese Malaysians: The majority of Chinese Malaysians practice Buddhism, and occasionally Christianity. They also identify with traditional Chinese religions such as Confucianism and Taoism. These religious practices are often blended with elements of Buddhism and are a significant part of their cultural identity.
• Indian Malaysians: People of Indian origin in Malaysia are usually Hindu, although some blend their faith with Islam. The Hindu community in Malaysia observes a variety of rituals and festivals that are rooted in their Indian cultural heritage.
• Indigenous Groups: The indigenous groups in Malaysia, known as the Orang Asli, practice a variety of religions. Some follow Islam or Christianity, while others adhere to traditional animistic beliefs.

Malaysian Religious Holidays

Malaysia is a multicultural and multi-religious society, and this diversity is reflected in the various religious holidays celebrated in the country. Here are some of the major Malaysian religious holidays:

1. Hari Raya Aidil Fitri: Also known as Eid al-Fitr, this is one of the most significant Muslim festivals. It marks the end of Ramadan, a month of fasting and prayer. The celebration involves family reunions, special prayers at the mosque, and sumptuous feasts.
2. Chinese New Year: Celebrated by the Chinese-Malaysian community, this festival is a grand spectacle of dragon and lion dances, fireworks, and the exchange of red envelopes filled with money for good luck.
3. Thaipusam: This is one of the most colorful Hindu festivals in Malaysia. It is marked by colorful processions, devotees bearing Kavadis (ornate frameworks), and pilgrimages to Batu Caves.
4. Deepavali: Also known as Diwali, this is the Hindu Festival of Lights.
5. Wesak Day: This is a Buddhist festival that celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.

These celebrations blend the religious experiences of the population by fostering a sense of unity and shared joy. They provide opportunities for people of different faiths to learn about each other’s religious practices and traditions. Moreover, many of these religious festivals are also public holidays and are celebrated nationwide regardless of race or belief.

It’s also worth noting that Malaysia has a great tradition called ‘open house’, a warm showing of what is known as Malaysian hospitality. During major religious holidays, doors are opened to friends and family to come together and celebrate. This tradition further enhances the blending of religious experiences among the population.

Religious Harmony in Malaysia

Malaysian Religious is a complex and multifaceted issue. The country is known for its multicultural society where various religions coexist, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and indigenous beliefs. The Malaysian constitution guarantees freedom of religion, which contributes to the overall sense of religious harmony.

However, there are challenges to maintaining this harmony. Issues such as the use of the word ‘Allah’ by non-Muslims, the construction of places of worship, and the propagation of non-Islamic religions have sometimes led to tensions. Despite these challenges, there are many efforts to promote interfaith understanding and dialogue, which are crucial for maintaining peace and harmony in such a diverse society.

Challenges and Opportunities

Religion in Malaysia presents both challenges and opportunities due to its diverse religious landscape. Here’s an overview of the key points:

Challenges:

• Religious Tolerance: The main challenge is practicing religious tolerance within a framework that respects the limitations and rules applicable in the Malaysian context. A lack of understanding and guidance on religious tolerance can lead to prejudices and conflicts.
• Freedom of Religion: There are ongoing struggles with claims of religious tolerance and freedom, particularly in the context of Malaysia’s multi-religious society. Balancing the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom with the state religion of Islam poses unique challenges.
• Interfaith Relations: Misunderstandings and different interpretations of religious pluralism among scholars and religious communities can lead to divisions and hinder efforts to reach a common understanding for peaceful coexistence.

Opportunities:

• Interfaith Dialogue: Engaging in interfaith dialogue, as well as communicating with multi languages can foster mutual understanding and respect among different religious groups.
• Social Harmony: By managing religious diversity effectively, Malaysia has the opportunity to maintain and enhance social harmony, which is essential for national unity.
• Cultural Enrichment: The variety of religious practices and festivals enriches Malaysian culture, offering opportunities for education and tourism.

Conclusion

“Malaysian Religious” is more than just a phrase; it’s a reflection of the nation’s soul. In Malaysia, religion intertwines with culture, tradition, and identity, creating a unique and respectful environment where different faiths can flourish side by side. As Malaysia continues to evolve, it stands as a testament to the possibility of unity in diversity.

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FAQ

What was Malaysia’s religion before Islam?

Before the arrival of Islam, the primary religions in Malaysia were indigenous animistic beliefs, Hinduism, and Buddhism:

• Indigenous Animistic Beliefs: The original inhabitants of Malaysia practiced animism, believing in the spirits of nature and the supernatural world. These beliefs were closely tied to the natural environment and included various rituals and ceremonies.
• Hinduism: Brought by Indian traders, Hinduism had a significant influence in the region, particularly in the form of the Majapahit Empire and earlier kingdoms like Langkasuka and Srivijaya. Hindu culture and religion left a lasting impact on Malaysian society, evident in the many Hindu temples and festivals that are still celebrated today.
• Buddhism: Also introduced by traders from India, Buddhism was prevalent in the region. The ancient kingdom of Srivijaya was a notable center of Buddhist learning and practice. Over time, Buddhism in Malaysia absorbed elements of local culture and beliefs.

These religious traditions coexisted and intermingled with local customs and practices, creating a rich tapestry of spiritual life that would later be transformed by the advent of Islam in the 13th century.

Is Malaysia an Islamic country?

Yes, Malaysia is considered an Islamic country because Islam is the state religion as per Article 3 of the Constitution. However, it is important to note that while Islam is the state religion, the constitution allows freedom of religion. This means that other religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, are also practiced in Malaysia. The country is known for its religious diversity and tolerance. So, while it is an Islamic country, it is also a multicultural and multireligious society.

What are the beliefs of the Malay?

The beliefs of the Malay people are predominantly centered around Islam, particularly the Sunni branch of the Shafi’i school. As the official religion of Malaysia, Islam plays a significant role in the daily lives and cultural practices of the Malay community. The following are key aspects of their beliefs:

• Monotheism: Malays, as Muslims, believe in the oneness of God (Allah) and consider Muhammad to be Allah’s last prophet.
• Quran: The Quran serves as the holy book and the primary source of religious guidance, supplemented by Hadiths (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad).
• Five Pillars of Islam: The core practices include the declaration of faith (Shahada), prayer (Salat), almsgiving (Zakat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj).
• Sharia Law: Islamic law influences the legal system and personal conduct, governing aspects of life such as marriage, finance, and inheritance.
• Cultural Integration: Many traditional Malay customs have been integrated into Islamic practices, creating a unique cultural expression of their faith.

Additionally, some elements of pre-Islamic beliefs, such as Hindu rituals, have been retained in cultural practices, particularly in ceremonies and festivals. This blend of Islamic doctrine with local customs forms the distinctive religious identity of the Malay people.

What is the religion in Sri Malaysia?

The term “Sri Malaysia” isn’t commonly used, so I’ll provide information on the religious landscape of Malaysia as a whole. Malaysia is a country with a diverse religious composition. The state religion is Islam, and it is practiced by the majority of Malaysians, particularly the ethnic Malay population. Other significant religions include Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, which are practiced by various ethnic groups such as the Chinese and Indian communities. There are also smaller populations practicing Sikhism, Baha’i Faith, and indigenous beliefs.

Religious harmony is generally maintained, and the constitution guarantees freedom of religion, although Islam holds a special place in the societal and political landscape. Each major religious group has the right to celebrate its religious festivals, and many of these festivals are recognized as national holidays in Malaysia.

Is Malaysia Sharia law?

Malaysia has a dual legal system where civil law operates alongside Islamic Sharia law. Sharia law in Malaysia is applied only to Muslims and deals with personal and family matters such as morality, inheritance, marriage, and divorce. Non-Muslims are subject to secular laws that address the same issues. In some states, Sharia law is applied more strictly, but it is important to note that it does not supersede the civil law for non-Muslims. The Sharia courts operate in parallel to the civil courts but are specifically for Muslims. This dual-track legal system reflects the country’s commitment to religious diversity while upholding Islamic principles for the Muslim population.

Which religion came first in Malaysia?

The earliest religions in Malaysia were Hinduism and Buddhism, brought by Indian traders more than two millennia ago. These religions were well-established and influential in the region, particularly during the time of the ancient kingdoms such as Langkasuka and Srivijaya. Hinduism and Buddhism saw a significant presence and cultural impact around the 13th century. Islam arrived later, around 1400 years ago, introduced by traders from Arabia, China, and India, and became the dominant religion by the 15th century. The indigenous animistic beliefs, which existed prior to the arrival of these major world religions, were practiced by the native populations and are still observed in some communities today.

Did Malaysia used to be a Hindu country?

Malaysia was never officially a Hindu country, but Hinduism was indeed one of the dominant religions in the region before the arrival of Islam. The influence of Hinduism, along with Buddhism, came through Indian traders and settlers as early as the first century. These religions had a significant cultural and religious impact, particularly between the 7th and 13th centuries. Hindu culture reigned in the area, which is evident from the many Hindu temples and festivals that are still part of Malaysian culture today

However, around the 10th century, Islam began to take root in the coastal maritime kingdoms through Muslim traders and mystics. By the 15th century, Islam had become the dominant religion, leading to the conversion of most of the Malay-Indonesian world, including what is now Malaysia. Today, while Islam is the state religion, the constitution of Malaysia guarantees freedom of religion, allowing Hinduism and other religions to be practiced.

References

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